Interaction between Political and Social Life in Ancient...

Interaction between Political and Social Life in Ancient Imperial Rome The interaction between political and social life in Ancient Rome has been accurately portrayed in the well researched novel, The Course of Honour, by Lindsey Davies. However as this is a fictional novel told as an interesting story instead of fact, the information given must be corroborated with several primary sources to correct any inherent biases. Lindsey Davies is an author who specialises in writing about life in Ancient Rome. Her novels are famous for the detective work of Marcus Didius Falco, with books such as Last Act in Palmyra, Venus in Copper, A Dying Light in Corduba and The Iron Hands of Mars winning her the Sherlock Holmes Award for†¦show more content†¦83) But when Vespasian, in the course of his general triumph, restored stable government to Britain... (Tacitus, p.68) As well as being a strong source of information about political life during this time, the novel also catalogues the struggles faced before and after marriage by Vespasians mistress, the freedwoman Caenis. Their forbidden relationship is threatened as Vespasian reaches the height of his political career. Caenis was but a footnote mentioned in history which Davies has sanctified into a wonder woman without whom Vespasians career could not have possibly succeeded. This obvious glorification of a story is an example of a bias used to make a tale more interesting, and the lack of historical sources commenting on Caenis only proves that she is nowhere near as important as Davis makes her out to be. Regardless, this novel achieves its aim as an interesting secondary source of information on Imperial Rome from two totally different perspectives- that of a slave and freedwoman, and that of an emperor. It showcases very suitably both the social and political struggles which are faced in upkee ping this unlikely relationship. There are different viewpoints on the way slaves were treated in Imperial Rome. Caenis in the story is first portrayed as a faithful and respectful slave, claiming I know how to keep my mouth shut, any sensible slave does! (Davies, p.17) This restricted form of life is backed up by this quote by a primaryShow MoreRelatedThe Important of Cities in Roman Provinces Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pageseconomic assemblies. The Roman cities were as much an arena for social and political interaction, as they were for economic exchange. By studying urban development in the Roman society, we are able to get an inside perspective of the powerful insight that have changed the ideals of the Roman cities. Early authors often measured cities to be centers of learning and culture, and a qualification for a civilized society. 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From a cluster of humble villages, arose a mighty people who would capture the admiration of the world for centuries thereafter.? To look at the history of Rome is to look atRead MoreWorld History AP8768 Words   |  36 PagesAll empires were brought together by conquest and funded in part by extracting wealth from conquered peoples. †¢ All empires stimulated the exchange of ideas, cultures, and values among the peoples they conquered. †¢ All empires sought to foster an imperial identity that transcended more local identities and loyalties. †¢ All empires ultimately collapsed. 2. In what ways did these empires differ from one another? What accounts for those differences? †¢ Some empires sought to rule through local elites;Read MoreAs The Barbarians Took Control Of Territory, The Greatest1849 Words   |  8 PagesAs the barbarians took control of territory, the greatest cultural change was in who held power at the highest levels of society. 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They have interpreted to different DNA analysis of bone fragments to show bipedalism. From the creature Ardepithecus ramidus, many different species of humans have developed from there. 3. Humans first appear on Earth in the Paleolithic Age where they inhabited all continents except for Antarctica. Homo sapiensRead MoreBusiness Environment of Pre-British India13645 Words   |  55 Pagesunique culture. Our project aims at understanding all these impacts in a consolidated way and help us understand our past. Our project covers the eras from the stone age man till the Mughal era and all the impacts, the technological advancements, the social system, the economic policies and the unique system of administration which has helped shaped our country today. Table of Contents Pre-Historic India ..............................................................................................Read MoreEssay about What is World History?4758 Words   |  20 PagesWhat is world history? 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Suicide Among Teen Victims Of Cyberbullying Essay - 890 Words

Suicide among Teen Victims of Cyberbullying Suicide among teens who were victims of cyberbullying has been an ongoing issue for quite some time. Legally, cyberbullying is very problematic not only for the victims and their families, but also the justice system. What is considered cyberbullying is and because cyberbullying is committed by school age children there is an ethical issue in what is considered as an appropriate legal punishment and which branch of the government should be the one to pursue justice for cyberbullying victims (MacKay, 2015). Mackay became advocate and joined the Nova Scotia Task Force on Bullying and Cyberbullying after an array of young teenage women committed suicide. The apparent links to their suicide was the constant physical and digital bullying. Background Social media is the ultimate platform for bullies. Using social media, perpetrators can bully their victims to the point of anxiety, fear, low self-esteem, suicidal ideations and in some cases to the committal of the suicidal act. Cyberbullying is defined as the deliberate repetition of hostility toward a group or persons with the intent to induce psychological, emotional, or physical harm through the use of digital communication (Niels, Menno, et. Al, 2013). A study conducted in 2014, stated that nearly 75% of school age youth have been the victim of cyberbullying (Giumetti, Kowalski, et al., 2014). Digital communication, although thrives on relationships, aids in a consequence freeShow MoreRelatedCorrelation Between Suicide Rates And Cyberbullying1292 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Gray Cervelloni Eng 121, Section 3 26 September 2016 Correlation Between Suicide Rates and Cyberbullying The 21st Century is roaring, and the use of technology sweeps across the nation like a pandemic. The American lifestyle is being consumed by electronics. 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With the invention of the Internet and its mass commercial use, some people might not have foreseen the issue of â€Å"cyberbullying† and how harmful it can really be. Cyberbullying is a real phenomenon that has been present for some time. Cyberbullying is defined as the use of the Internet and technology to purposely harm another pe rson in a hostile way. Cyberbullying has becomeRead MorePersuasive Essay On Cyberbullying1068 Words   |  5 PagesHow to Stop Cyberbullying First, I will explain how a student got cyberbullied and never reported it, Then I will explain how this girl was trying to commit suicide and tried, but it didn’t work (which is a good thing) Finally, I will describe how she got better and how she tried to stop it specifically how she did stop it. What is Cyberbullying? Cyberbullying is when someone uses of electronic to send messages of intimidating or threatening. 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These surveys usually are composed of the main crippling diseases of America: Heart Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, etc. However, this survey concerned the topic of teen suicide. I wasn’t shocked by this topic matter. I knew that teen suicide has been rapidly increasing over the past

Radicalism of the American Revolution Free Essays

Essay 1 â€Å"Radical†, a term generally defined by many as an event or action that fundamentally changes the political, cultural, and/or economic nature of a society. The American Revolution was a time of great change within the structure of society, greatly transforming certain parts of America, yet leaving other parts relatively unchanged over the course of the Revolutionary period. When asked whether or not I consider the Revolution to be â€Å"radical†, I can give no absolute yes or no response. We will write a custom essay sample on Radicalism of the American Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead I will have to take more of a â€Å"grey area† approach to the question and say a bit of both yes and no, because although the revolution did change quite a bit, there were still areas it was unable to change. In my opinion, I would say the American Revolution was â€Å"radical†, but only to a point. Some of the most important changes that the Revolution did make in American society were focused heavily on expanding and redefining political freedom throughout the country, and establishing religious tolerance. One important way that the revolution did not change the American society was in social hierarchy. Prior to the American Revolution, politics consisted of many voting, but few actually holding any kind of political power, those who did have power not listening to voters, no parties, and few public political arguments. During the Revolution, however, many Americans had a much more powerful voice in politics. This newfound power was due to an ending of old governments and authority, and the fundamental â€Å"need to reinstitute legitimate governments†. Election campaigns also became very public arguments over what the government â€Å"should† be, this is very different than what the political scene was in post-Revolution Colonial America. Some of the most radical movements can be seen in the Revolution in Pennsylvania. In Pennsylvania, the pro-independence radical took control, abolishing such political offices as governor. The issue of voting rights was also a very contentious subject in politics. John Adams believed that the â€Å"common rabble† of men in the country had no â€Å"judgment of their own†, and the removal of a property qualification to vote would â€Å"confound and destroy all distinctions, and prostrate all ranks to one common level†. Pennsylvania, for one abolished the property qualification for voting, but retained the tax payment qualification, whereas other states did away with both. Prior to the Revolution, only a few colonies embraced religious tolerance, those being Rhode Island and Pennsylvania. Most of the colonies in the country still had established state churches. However, colonists began to regularly associate religious freedom with â€Å"liberty† and evangelicals particularly supported this movement towards religious liberty, having suffered much oppression, and believing that â€Å"government corrupted religion†. An assault on state churches developed with The Elites, a. k. a. , Founding Fathers agreeing that religion could be potentially dangerous when apart of government. This â€Å"Enlightened† religion argued that religion had often supported unjust governments. Most of them would have been Deists. Deism, a popular belief among elites in the 1700s, held belief in God, but that he was rarely and distantly involved in human affairs, and viewed many Christian beliefs as superstition. Thomas Jefferson in his Notes on Virginia, 1782 saying that â€Å"The whole history of these books is [the Gospels] is so defective and doubtful that it seems vain to attempt minute enquiry into it†. The Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom was a Virginia bill introduced by Thomas Jefferson in 1779. The bill eliminated religious requirements for voting and office-holding, eliminated government finance for religion, and barred the state from forcing participation in religion. One important way that the Revolution did not change the American Society was in social hierarchy. Although the American Revolution changed many things, it still left some unchanged, like the much higher sociopolitical power of the upper class aristocrats within the country. The social classes were arranged from highest to lowest as such: Upper class, merchants, tradesmen, farmers, working men, indentured servants, slaves, and finally Indians. Not much had changed since Colonial America with the wealthy upper class controlling much of everything from politics to religion. Slavery continued, women had no rights whatsoever, and the system was simply not open to all white men yet. Wealth always made a difference, as it usually does. They were the land owners, the voters, the senators and congressmen. Normal people couldn’t be or do any of these things without having the money and success. In conclusion, the American Revolution, in my opinion, can be seen as partly â€Å"radical† and partly not. Similar to many other revolutions, it could not have changed every single thing overnight, and in fact, it did not. But there is no denying that, at least then, it did radically change things in the country, but also left some the same. How to cite Radicalism of the American Revolution, Essay examples

Deep Root Analytics and Data Breach †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Deep Root Analytics and Data Breach. Answer: Introduction: Elections are always a tightly contested event, an attribute that facilitates a lot of scrutiny and tension. In todays world, this process has been marked by many technological advances which aim to improve the process through time and resource efficiency. Now, while these advances may facilitate better results, they also are associated with many problems because of the amount of data that is used. These problems have been well illustrated in 2017, where multiple hacks and data exposure incidences have occurred over electoral processes. This year alone countries such as Georgia, Philippines and Mexico have had extensive data leaks in their voter registration records, an outcome that has facilitated a great deal of speculation(Cappella, 2017). However, of all the incidences recorded, none has topped the recent leak in the American voter registration where over 198 million records were fairly exposed to the public at large. This incidence occurred in June and was subject to millions of records that dated back to a decade ago, accounting for a significant amount of the records held by the countrys electoral commission. Nevertheless, prior to the breach, the data was held by an independent data analytic company known as Deep Root. This company had been contracted by the Republican Party in order to conduct a research on the opinions held by the American voters. Therefore, at the time of the leak, thousands of records detailing names, addresses and personal opinions on political issues were held by the companys systems. Furthermore, the contracted company did not discover the problem by itself but was facilitated by an independent research group (Upguard) who through their researcher Chris Vickery found the data online(Halper Dave, 2017). How and why the leak occurred The Republican National Committee (RNC) had contracted the company at hand in order to conduct a general survey on the prevailing conditions of the country. Through this survey, Deep Root had collected and analysed data as given by the American voters. Now, at the time of the leak, the general public speculated that sophisticated tools and techniques were used to breach the companys systems in order to reveal the records. However, research conducted revealed a contrary observation as the leak was traced back to a negligent user within the contracted company (Deep Root). This employee had failed to implement critical security procedure needed to safeguard the information(Naylor, 2017). Data leak, how? To start with, the company either intentionally or unintentionally disabled its security protocols across its online platform. This failure inevitably facilitated any user to access clear text files that had the records of the voters. Moreover, the company had leased cloud facilities from the Amazon Web Service (AWS) which gave access to the stored data. Therefore, the data leak was as a result of negligent user behaviour which exposed a cloud infrastructure containing the data. Furthermore, following the leak, data experts verified the content exposed which highlighted the authenticity of the exposed information. This outcome outlined the level of access given to the third party member, who held sensitive records with minimal security procedures(Naylor, 2017). Why it occurred: To understand the root cause of the problem, one must examine the infrastructure used by Deep Root, RNC contracted Analytics Company. The company chose to host the data in an online system, specifically the Amazon S3 servers which like any other cloud service was associated with many risks as compared to in-house storage facilities. For one, it was supported by the internet which is well known for its extensive threats as propagated by malware and intruders attacks. Therefore, the company even without the data exposure placed the sensitive data at risk by applying a cloud infrastructure. Furthermore, the same structure required extensive security procedures to protect the data stored, which again was compromised based on the companys negligence(Digg, 2017). According to cyber security experts, cloud solutions are prone to many risks as they are facilitated by the internet. Moreover, the cloud infrastructure like any other IT system is subject to misconfigurations and deployment errors which unlike other in-house systems expose the services to the public. Therefore, as the first solution, the sub-contracted company should have used in-house facilities if they lacked the necessary skills to set-up a competent and secure cloud infrastructure. Secondly, the same company should have had better security procedures more so, when they dealt with the transmission and deployment of data(Assange, 2017). In addition to this, the leaked data was exposed in clear text format which highlighted the lack of encryption protocols. To avoid this problem, technical solutions including cryptographic techniques such as authentication and encryption should have been used to secure the data. In the future, the contracted company (Deep Root) should isolate the data from its other operations through these encryption methods. In essence, the voters records should be transformed into unreadable formats during their transmission. Moreover, the same data should be ferried via secure channels that are only accessible to the authorised members. Therefore, the site used by the company should have separate platforms for accessing the data, either through live portals that require access pins or through customised user applications (APIs). Finally, the company including the RNC should set a better security policy following a thorough risk assessment procedure. This procedure would identify the potential ris ks faced by the systems and facilitate the development of a procedural guideline of deploying data online(RBS, 2016). Throughout the years, many cyber-attacks have occurred across the world affecting multiple systems either individually or simultaneously. However, none has ever surpassed the intrusion level that was acquired by the now famous WannaCry attack. In general, the WannaCry attack was a malware intrusion that was classified as a ransomware as it forced its victims to pay money in order to access their files or data. In essence, the malware would block and deny users access to their computers until a certain fee was paid(News, 2017). Moreover, the attack was so intrusive that researchers changed its name to WannaCry from its initial name of WannaCrypt0r, a true testament to its actions that caused unprecedented pain. According to researchers, the WannaCry problem began in February when the National Security Agencys (NSA) systems were accessed which led to an exposure of its hacking tools. Now, this access or hack was conducted by a vicious cyber-criminal group known as Shadow Brokers who in past had succeeded to infiltrate some high-level cyber systems. Shadow Brokers through their access revealed a vulnerability in Windows systems which was heavily exploited to conduct the WannaCry attack. In all, the problems caused by the intrusion were experienced far and wide as countries such as United Kingdom, Russia, and Spain were forced to shut down their systems in order to contain it. Moreover, the attack infiltrated any system connected to the networks targeted by the intruders through the malware(Wattles Disis, 2017). Affected parties and how? At its best, WannaCry was the true definition of a cyber-weapon as it infiltrated thousands of online systems in a short period of time. In fact, at the start of the attack, more than 40, 000 computer systems were affected throughout the world. At the same time, more than 100 countries were affected as both their private and public sector systems were infiltrated. However, some countries faced the full force of the attack as evidenced by the damages exhibited by the aftermath of the attack. The United Kingdom (England) was one of these countries as it faced the biggest intrusion in the public sector after its healthcare industry was compromised through its national healthcare system (NHS)(McGoogan, Titcomb, Krol, 2017). In essence, the country used a single and common system to coordinate medical operations, a structure that was facilitated by the online infrastructure. Now, following the attack, medical practitioners and patients were subjected to a $300 ransom in order to access t heir files an outcome that halted the entire industry. The same outcome was experienced in Spain where the private sectors led by the telecommunication and electrical industry was compromised. Similarly, Russia had to deal with a possible economic meltdown after the banking industry was severely affected by the attack on its leading financial institutions. Furthermore, the same country was left helpless when it failed to secure its public sector after the attack took down two of its major ministries, health and interior governance. In addition to this, Russias state owned railway company was affected which for short while slowed down the transportation industry(McGoogan, Titcomb, Krol, 2017). All the independent observers and researchers involved highlighted the contribution of the NSA in the attacks. The NSA through their hacking tools had developed a vulnerability known as EternalBlue, this vulnerability exploited a major bug in Windows operating systems a component that was used in the attack. Now, the Windows system used a special communication protocol known as the Server Messaging Block (SMB) to conduct its networking operations. These operations were conducted within the application layer of the TCP/IP structure where they facilitated the sharing, reading and writing of computer files. Therefore, through the SMB, the users were able to share services and resources(Graham, 2017). WannaCry used this vulnerability within the SMB protocol to access its functionalities and spread the malware in networks. At first, the malware would detect network connections particularly those lacking secured ports to trigger the attack. After accessing unsecured ports, the intrusion would then proceed to plant the starter for the malicious program, an action that was termed as the transfer of the payload. This step was then followed by the activation of the program, an action that attacked the host machine and facilitated the spread of the malware as it proceeded to replicate in any other visible and unprotected networks/ports(McGoogan, Titcomb, Krol, 2017). Preventing the WannaCry attack Several prevention tactics would have been used to stop the WannaCry attack, including the most basic and obvious precaution of being offline. However, based on the demands and needs of the internet, the best solutions would have been related to an online connection. First, network isolation would have helped to contain the attack, a countermeasure that was readily available with firewalls and intrusion detection systems. Now, these firewalls through their servers would have implemented isolation DMZs (demilitarised zone). It is through these servers that the intrusion would have been detected and thus contained within them. Moreover, the same outcome could have been achieved if the victims networks were isolated based on their use(Newman, 2017). In addition to this, the networks and their access ports should have been secured to block all unauthorised users. This functionality would have been easily accomplished using access control and effective network authentication measures. However, of all the solutions and countermeasures highlighted, none would have surpassed the fix for the EternalBlue vulnerability. In essence, the attack was generally caused by the bug in the Windows systems, a problem that was later fixed using an update patch. Therefore, installing the patch to the Windows bug would have prevented the entire attack(RBS, 2016). References Assange, J. (2017). Deep Root Analytics behind data breach on 198 million US voters: security firm. DW, Retrieved 30 August, 2017, from: https://www.dw.com/en/deep-root-analytics-behind-data-breach-on-198-million-us-voters-security-firm/a-39318788. Cappella, N. (2017). 198 million voter records leaked by analysis firm. The Stack, Retrieved 30 August, 2017, from: https://thestack.com/security/2017/06/20/198-million-voter-records-leaked-by-analysis-firm/. Digg. (2017). If You're A Registered Voter, Your Personal Data Was Likely Exposed By A Data Firm . Digg, Retrieved 30 August, 2017, from: https://digg.com/2017/registered-voter-data-breach. Graham, C. (2017). NHS cyber attack: Everything you need to know about 'biggest ransomware' offensive in history. The Telegraph, Retrieved 30 August, 2017, from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/13/nhs-cyber-attack-everything-need-know-biggest-ransomware-offensive/. Halper, E., Dave, P. (2017). A Republican voter data firm probably exposed your personal information for days and you don't have much recourse. Los Angeles Times, Retrieved 30 August, 2017, from: https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-gop-data-breach-20170619-story.html. McGoogan, C., Titcomb, J., Krol, C. (2017). What is WannaCry and how does ransomware work? The Telegraph, Retrieved 30 August, 2017, from: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/0/ransomware-does-work/. Naylor, B. (2017). Firm Contracted By Republican Groups Left Millions Of Voter Files Unsecured Online. npr, Retrieved 30 August, 2017, from: https://www.npr.org/2017/06/19/533551243/firm-contracted-by-rnc-left-millions-of-voter-files-unsecured-online. Newman, L. (2017). The Ransomware Meltdown Experts Warned About Is Here. The wire, Retrieved 30 August, 2017, from: https://www.wired.com/2017/05/ransomware-meltdown-experts-warned/. News, B. (2017). WannaCry ransomware cyber-attacks slow but fears remain. Technology, Retrieved 30 August, 2017, from: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39920141. RBS. (2016). Data Breach QuickView Report. 2016 data breach trends year in review, Retrieved 30 August, 2017, from: https://pages.riskbasedsecurity.com/hubfs/Reports/2016%20Year%20End%20Data%20Breach%20QuickView%20Report.pdf. Wattles, J., Disis, J. (2017). Ransomware attack: Who's been hit. CNN Tech, Retrieved 30 August, 2017, from: https://money.cnn.com/2017/05/15/technology/ransomware-whos-been-hit/index.html.

Analysis Apple’s History, Development and Growth Essay Example

Analysis Apple’s History, Development and Growth Essay Analysis apple’s history, development and growth Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, a pair of 20-something college dropouts, founded Apple Computer on April Fool’s Day, 1976. Working out of the Jobs family’s garage in Los Altos, California, they built a computer circuit board that they named the Apple I. Within several months, they had made 200 sales and taken on a new partner-A. C. †Mike† Markkula, Jr. , a freshly minted millionaire who had retired from Intel at the age of 33. Markkula, who was instrumental in attracting venture capital, was the experienced businessman on the team; Wozniak was the technical genius; and jobs were the visionary who sought â€Å"to change the world through technology. † Jobs made it Apple’s mission to bring an easy-to- use computer to market. In April 1978, the company launched the Apple II, a relatively simple machine that people could use straight out of the box. The Apple II sparked a computing revolution that drove the PC industry to $1 billion in annual sales in less than three years. Apple quickly become the industry leader, selling more than 100,000 Apple IIs by the end of 1980. In December 1980,Apple launched a successful IPO. Apple’s competitive position changed fundamentally in 1981, when IBM entered the PC market. The IBM PC, which used Microsoft’s DOS operating system (OS) and a microprocessor (also called a CPU) from Intel, seemed bland and gray alongside the graphics and sound-enhanced Apple II. But the IBM Pc was a relatively â€Å"open† system that other producers could clone. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis Apple’s History, Development and Growth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis Apple’s History, Development and Growth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis Apple’s History, Development and Growth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By contrast, Apple relied on proprietary designs that only Apple could proprietary designs that only Apple could produce. As IBM-compatibles proliferated, Apple’s revenue continued to grow, but its market share dropped sharply, falling to 6. 2% in 1982. In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh, marking a breakthrough in ease of use, industrial design, and technical elegance. Yet the Mac’s slow processor speed and a lack of compatible software limited its sales. Between 1983 and 1984, Apple’s net income fell 17%, leaving the company in crisis. In April 1985, Apple’s broad removed Jobs from an operational role. Several months later, Jobs left Apple to found new company named NexT. Those moves left John Sculley, the CEO whom Apple had recruited from Pepsi-Cola in 1983, alone at the helm. Sculley had led Pepsi’s successful charge against Coca-Cola. Now he hoped to help Apple compete against dominant players in its industry. The Sculley Years, 1985-1993 Sculley sought to make Apple a leader in desktop publishing as well as education. He also moved aggressively to bring Apple into the corporate world. Apple’s combination of superior software, such as Aldus (later Adobe) PageMaker, and peripherals, such as laser printers, gave the Macintosh unmatched capabilities in desktop publishing. Sales exploded, turning Apple’s worldwide market share stabilized at about 8%. In the education market, which contributed roughly half of Apple’s U. S. sales, the company held a share of more than 50%. Apple had $1 billion in cash and was most profitable PC Company in the world. Apple controlled the only significant alternative, both in hardware and in software, to the then prevailing IBM-compatible standard. The company practiced horizontal and vertical integration to a greater extent than any other PC company, with the typically designed its products from scratch, using unique chips, the disk drives, and monitors, as well as unusual shapes for its computers chassis. http://www. apple. com/choose-your-country/ Net sales performance Apple’s Annual Report filed on 10/27/2010. The company depends on component and product manufacturing and logistical services provided by third parties, many of whom are located outside of the U. S. † Risk factors in form 10-K, Apple’s Annual Report filed on 10/27/2010. Apple catches up to market leader Nokia: ttp://hken. ibtimes. com/articles/70050/20101008/apple-catches-up-to-market-leader-nokia. htm Apple picks Shanghai contract manufacturer— http://0-proquest. umi. com. lib. cityu. edu. hk/pqdweb? index=1 , , , , , Apple’s internal strengths and weaknesses. 1) Audit on apple’s key resources and capabilities a) E valuate apple’s resource/ capabilities and identify its strengths and weaknesses. Brief explanation with supporting evidence is expected. For details, see references for ‘Resources and capabilities’ below or search other relevant information on the web. b) Recommend appropriate strategies to enhance apple’s competitive position. 2) Assessing competence: value chain analysis (Apple Inc. , ), (Apple Computer),2007? 1? 9 Macworld Expo , , 3. 8%? Apple II? 1970 , Macintosh 1980 Apple II? Macintosh iPod iTunes , ? , ,? 1975? ,  · Atari Alex Kamradt Call Computer , Silent 700 (Popular Electronics) , ,Woz 24? , 40 , Call Computer Call Computer Alex Kamradt , ?1975 (Homebrew Computer Club) , Altair 8800? IMSAI Woz , 179 8080? 170 6800 6800, , , 1976 ? ,? MOS Technology 25 6502? , BASIC , BASIC 6502 6800 MOS Technology Motorola ), Woz , 6800 , 6502 , , ,  · Introduction Apple Computer, Inc. , is a multinational corporation that creates consumer electronics, computer software, and commercial servers. Apples core product lines are the iPhone, iPod music player, and Macintosh computers. Co-founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak effectively created Apple Computer on April 1, 1976, with the release of the Apple I, and incorporated the company on January 3, 1977, in Cupertino, California. For more than two decades, Apple Computer was predominantly a manufacturer of personal computers, including the Apple II, Macintosh, and Power Mac lines, but faced rocky sales and low market share during the 1990s. Jobs, who had been ousted from the company in 1985, returned to become Apples CEO in 1996, and brought with him a new corporate philosophy of recognizable products and simple design. With the introduction of the successful iPod music player in 2001, Apple established itself as a leader in the consumer electronics industry, dropping Computer from its name and going on to release the iPhone and iPad. Today, Apple is the largest technology firm in the world, with annual revenue of over $60 billion. [1] The Apple I Main article: Apple I The very first Apple Computer logo, drawn by Ronald Wayne, depicts Isaac Newton under an apple tree. The Apple logo in 1977 created by Rob Janoff with the rainbow color theme used until 1998. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak had been friends for some time, having met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in assembling a machine and selling it. Jobs approached a local computer store, The Byte Shop, who said they would be interested in the machine, but only if it came fully assembled. The owner, Paul Terrell, went further, saying he would order 50 of the machines and pay US $500 each on delivery. [2] Jobs then took the purchase order that he had been given from the Byte Shop to Cramer Electronics, a national electronic parts distributor, and ordered the components he needed to assemble the Apple I Computer. The local credit manager asked Jobs how he was going to pay for the parts and he replied, I have this purchase order from the Byte Shop chain of computer stores for 50 of my computers and the payment terms are COD. If you give me the parts on a net 30 day terms I can build and deliver the computers in that time frame, collect my money from Terrell at the Byte Shop and pay you. [3] With that, the credit manager called Paul Terrell who was attending an IEEE computer conference at Asilomar in Pacific Grove and verified the validity of the purchase order. Amazed at the tenacity of Jobs, Terrell assured the credit manager if the computers showed up in his stores Jobs would be paid and would have more than enough money to pay for the parts order. The two Steves and their small crew spent day and night building and testing the computers and delivered to Terrell on time to pay his suppliers and have a tidy profit left over for their celebration and next order. Steve Jobs had found a way to finance his soon-to-be multimillion-dollar company without giving away one share of stock or ownership. The machine had only a few notable features. One was the use of a TV as the display system, whereas many machines had no display at all. This was not like the displays of later machines, however; text was displayed at a terribly slow 60 characters per second. However, this was still faster than the teletypes used on contemporary machines of that era. The Apple I also included bootstrap code on ROM, which made it easier to start up. Finally, at the insistence of Paul Terrell, Wozniak also designed a cassette interface for loading and saving programs, at the then-rapid pace of 1200  bit/s. Although the machine was fairly simple, it was nevertheless a masterpiece of design, using far fewer parts than anything in its class, and quickly earning Wozniak a reputation as a master designer. Joined by another friend, Ronald Wayne, the three started to build the machines. Using a variety of methods, including borrowing space from friends and family, selling various prized items (like calculators and a VW bus) and scrounging, Jobs managed to secure the parts needed while Wozniak and Wayne assembled them. But the owner of the Byte Shop was expecting complete computers, not just printed circuit boards. The boards still being a product for the customers Terrell still paid them. [4] Eventually 200 of the Apple Is were built. [edit] The Apple II But Wozniak had already moved on from the Apple I. Many of the design features of the I were due to the limited amount of money they had to construct the prototype, but with the income from the sales he was able to start construction of a greatly improved machine, the Apple II; it was presented to the public at the first West Coast Computer Faire on April 16 and April 17, 1977. On the first day of exhibition, Jobs introduced Apple II o a Japanese chemist named Toshio Mizushima who became the first authorized Apple dealer in Japan. The main difference internally was a completely redesigned TV interface, which held the display in memory. Now not only useful for simple text display, the Apple II included graphics, and, eventually, color. Jobs meanwhile pressed for a much improved case and keyboard, with the idea that the machine should be complet e and ready to run out of the box. This was almost the case for the Apple I machines sold to The Byte Shop, but one still needed to plug various parts together and type in the code to run BASIC. Building such a machine was going to be fiscally burdensome. Jobs started looking for cash, but Wayne was somewhat gun shy due to a failed venture four years earlier, and eventually dropped out of the company. Banks were reluctant to lend Jobs money; the idea of a computer for ordinary people seemed absurd at the time. Jobs eventually met Mike Markkula who co-signed a bank loan for US$250,000, and the three formed Apple Computer on April 1, 1976. Why Apple? At the time, the company to beat was Atari, and Apple Computer came before Atari alphabetically and thus also in the phone book. Another reason was that Jobs had happy memories of working on an Oregon apple farm one summer. [5] With both cash and a new case design in hand thanks to designer Jerry Manock, the Apple II was released in 1977 and became the computer generally credited with creating the home computer market[citation needed]. Millions were sold well into the 1980s. The Company sells its products worldwide through its online stores, its retail stores, its direct sales force, and third-party wholesalers, resellers, and value-added resellers. In addition, the Company sells a variety of third-party Macintosh (Mac), iPhone and iPod compatible products, including application software, printers, storage devices, speakers, headphones, and various other accessories and peripherals through its online and retail stores, and digital content and applications through the iTunes Store. The Company sells to consumer, small and mid-sized business (SMB), education, enterprise, government and creative customers. The Company’s reportable operating segments consist of the Americas, Europe, Japan and Retail. The Americas, Europe and Japan reportable segments do not include activities related to the Retail segment. The Americas segment includes both North and South America. The Company offers a range of personal computing products, mobile communication devices, and portable digital music and video players, as well as a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions and various third-party hardware and software products. The Company designs, develops, and markets to Mac and Windows users its iPhone mobile communication devices and its family of iPod digital music and video players, along with related accessories and services, including the online distribution of third-party digital content and applications through the Company’s iTunes Store. In addition, the Company offers its own software products, including Mac OS X, the Company’s proprietary operating system software for the Mac; server software and related solutions; professional application software; and consumer, education, and business oriented pplication software. The Company currently holds rights to patents and copyrights relating to certain aspects of its computer systems, iPhone and iPod devices, peripherals, software and services. In addition, the Company has registered and/or has applied to register, trademarks and service marks in the U. S. and a number of foreign countries for ‘Apple,’ the Apple logo, Ã¢â‚¬Ë œMacintosh,’ ‘Mac,’ ‘iPhone,’ ‘iPod,’ ‘iTunes,’ ‘iTunes Store, ’ ‘Apple TV,’ ‘Mobile Me’ and numerous other trademarks and service marks. Compliance with federal, state, local and foreign laws enacted for the protection of the environment has to date had no material effect on the Company’s capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position. Apple designs personal computer hardware, software, and consumer devices, such as the iPod music player, the Macintosh computer, and the iPhone. Apples iTunes online store sells music and videos for download and is the largest retailer of music in the world. Apple sells its products online as well as through company stores and retail chains around the globe. Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics and computer software products. The companys best-known hardware products include Macintosh computers, the iPod, and the iPhone. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system, the iTunes media browser, and the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software. Apple has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry. This includes a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the United States.

Siddhartha

Siddhartha had one single goal in life. His goal is to become empty, to become empty of thirst, desire, dreams, pleasure and sorrow - to let the Self die. No longer to be Self, to experience the peace of an emptied heart, to experience pure thought - that was his goal. When all the Self was conquered and dead, when all passions and desires were silent, then the last must awaken, the innermost of Being that is no longer Self - the great secret Siddhartha, according to his actions, was constantly in search for knowledge, regardless of what kind, or what he had to do to obtain it. In the book titled Siddhartha, by Herman Hesse, this is shown to us by Siddhartha's leaving home to join the Samanas, and all the actions leading to his residence alongside the river. Leaving his family and home everyone loved him, showed that Siddhartha not only knew what he wanted in life, but will do anything to attain it. Siddhartha did not leave his father's chambers until he had gotten his way, until his father had submitted to Siddhartha's wishes and agreed to let him leave home to join the Samanas. This stubbornness, this patience with people and situations is also a large part of Siddhartha's character. It enables him to out wait anyone or anything, which teaches him how to do without and also helps him through his time with the Samanas. "Siddhartha learned a great deal from the Samanas he learned many ways of losing the Self". Despite the new knowledge he acquired, Siddhartha realized that it was only " . . . a temporary palliative against the pain and folly of life". His next decision was to leave the Samanas and go in search of the Buddha in order to learn perhaps something he did not already know. Through this learned that Siddhartha, having !all tha t is possible in one place, moves to another in search for more wisdom in search for the secret of how to obtain inner peace, how to find the Self. This action also shows his change by showing ...

Corporate Sustainability and Organizational Change - Case Of OMV Essay

Corporate Sustainability and Organizational Change - Case Of OMV Petrom Answering question that listed on order instruction - Essay Example In this case, the integrative strategy (Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) shows how the company can improve socially and environmentally while still maintaining its competitive advantage in business. The integrative model of organizational change is based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA). In planning, it provides the recent condition, and it helps the company to set up its ultimate goals. So, the company will understand its requirement to change the values, norms and rules, or, in other words, the problems. The company will also understand the need to derive and detail individual goals. It will need to start collecting data and diagnosing the goals. After understanding those elements, it will need to adjust its management to lead the company towards set goals. Thirdly is â€Å"Check†. The corporation should check and evaluate the performance of the organizational change and whether the corporation and the employees can meet the objectives. The company needs to take corrective measure if it is underperforming. Fourthly is â€Å"Act†. After a corporation gathers all of the data, it should give its reaction, and readjust the plan if it does not meet the objectives. It needs to change or come up with new plan so as to achieve the objectives. OMV is a big company. The first major issue is that there is need to implement organizational change to 20000 employees. OMV needs to make all of its employees to have strong commitment towards supporting sustainable organizational change. Secondly, it needs to reduce emission by leading the company to operate with energy efficiency. It should apply safety, security, environmental care and corporate social responsibility. It is very expensive to lead the business to operate like this. The impact of sustainability and organizational change can cause employees to have different mindsets. Their main goal is how to operate a

Was Geoffrey Chaucer Machiavellian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Was Geoffrey Chaucer Machiavellian - Essay Example In this respect, they have greatly influenced leadership models that have been adopted through time. Emergent philosophers have also borrowed heavily from the insights that were initially put forth by this philosopher. Perhaps the most pronounced in this regard was Geoffrey Chaucer. Notably, his life was greatly influenced by the Machiavellian principle. It is against this background that this paper provides an explicit review of how Chaucer exhibited Machiavellianism. To enhance coherence, it begins by underscoring the principles of this philosophy. Basically, Machiavellian principle places great emphasis on the concept of governance. In particular, it addresses the notion of idealism and suggests informative ways through which the government of a given population can operate with utmost ease. In detail, this philosophy advocates for a type of leadership that is manipulative, objective and overly dictatorial. The chief proponent of this philosophy proposes that any mode of governanc e needs to be augmented by the services of a strong army. He posits that this offers a strong basement upon which a strong state can be established. With respect to virtuous living, Machiavelli believes that no leader can be virtuous enough to satisfy the expectations of all his subjects (Pearsall 59). Nonetheless, leaders need to strive towards attaining virtuous living in order to maintain credible performance and safeguard their reputation. A review of Chaucer’s life, works and general philosophy indicates that he is Machiavellian. He borrows heavily from the preceding principles and seemingly, these inform his decisions, career, education, social life and general way of life. In his biographical review, Pearsall indicates that Chaucer came from a well to do economic background (Pearsall 61). Probably, his father was one of the richest merchants in the region. This enabled him to attend good schools and gain quality education from a very tender age. From this point of view , his background was already grounded on the Machiavellian propositions regarding a strong army. Strength in this regard can be defined in terms of knowledge, strength and expertise. His strong education implies that Machiavellianism greatly influenced his decisions from the very initial stages of his life. In 1357, he enrolled in the house of Elizabeth to perform court responsibilities. Historical evidence indicates that persons from the middle class faction were mostly placed in these positions in order to familiarize themselves with the duties of the royalty. After two years, Chaucer was recruited to serve in the army under the leadership of Edward III. Although he was captured during the offensive at Reims, he was ransomed later on. Then, he was given a chance to serve in diplomatic missions and effectively represented the government abroad. At this point, it is worth appreciating that his career life revolved around serving in governance and in the arm. From their point of view , Chaucer and Larry ascertain that elative decisions were informed by the need to remain assertive in the society (Chaucer and Larry 71). Typically, the roles of the army tend to involve violence and fighting. Cruelty and objectivity are notions that are intrinsic to the values and attitudes that are assumed by the army men. From this consideration, it is certain that Chaucer’s career related decisions were greatly influenced

Determinants of Elasticity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Determinants of Elasticity - Assignment Example At the other hand, the focus of this document points out towards the growth in the prices of mattresses, sofas and beds, throughout the world. Rest is one of the basic human needs for sustainable existence (Mei-Se, Shu-Jung, & Hung-Ta, 2009), therefore people are forced to cope with rising prices of this important need, through forgoing other important desires. Mattresses and luxury sofa sets were luxuries during the course of past two decades, but in this modern era, they transformed into necessities for families to maintain their status symbol. At the same time, there is no suitable substitute available for them; along with this, there is a growing social pressure to acquire good to excellent quality sofa sets and mattresses to keep up with the changing trends. Therefore, it is wise to imply that, the demand of mattresses and other similar social necessities is not affected by the change in price largely. In parallel, it is recommended to the governments to provide firms producing these items with subsidies in order to, stabilize prices of their products, so that people can fulfill other desires as well. This paper focused on analyzing the price elasticity of necessities of human life, and painfully noticed that despite of their increasing prices, people are purchasing them. Therefore, governmental intervention is recommended in order to; control inflating price of mattresses and other similar

An Analysis Of Performance Management Strategies Business Essay

An Analysis Of Performance Management Strategies Business Essay Performance management (PM) includes activities to ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner. Performance management can focus on the performance of an organization, a department, employee, or even the processes to build a product or service, as well as many other areas. In both definitions it is clear that performance management is process of continuously measuring performance of each individual in organization to achieve set goals. To check that organization is performing in right way, we use performance management strategy or system to measure performance of specific department or employees or to measure performance of whole organization. Performance management talks about important and broader issues of organization. It gives procedures to organizations to achieve their goals. Performance management links all people, teams and individuals associated with business. Performance management should include: Performance management throughout the organization for individual, team and increased productivity of organization. Development is also very important for improved performance. Unless there is no development plan for employees in organization there will be no performance improvement. Organizations should ensure that employees are encouraged and motivated to fulfill their responsibility. How It Works? As performance management is very key part of organization to make organization work effectively. So this strategy should be structured properly. There should be a performance management framework to operate it effectively and efficiently in organization. Tools of Performance Management Performance Reviews To measure performance management there should be regular reviews of individuals performance. There should be performance review meetings to evaluate performance management. The meetings should be properly managed and planned to measure. Learning and Development Most famous and successful organizations give importance to employee development for increased performance of organization. With the help of performance reviews employees can be encouraged to look for deficiencies in them. And it should be responsibility of organization to provide learning and development schemes. Organizations which have high emphasis on individuals learning have emphasis on performance improvement indirectly. Measurements Organizations which want to measure performance management effectively, there employees or individuals should know that on what criteria or through which procedures their performance is going to be measured. Organizations should measure performance on fairly and honest basis. Pay In many organizations performance management is related with performance related pay. Performance related pay is important tool in many organizations to motivate employees through performance related pay. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY OF DERBY CITY COUNCIL I have taken the performance management strategy of DERBY CITY COUNCIL as example to evaluate their strategy. I am going to evaluate their performance strategy of 2007-2010. Objective The basic objective of performance management strategy of DERBY CITY COUNCIL is to manage performance across council and the steps they will use to achieve their goals. They have described everything in their strategy that what they are going to achieve and how they will achieve. Importance of Performance Management As from definitions it is clear that performance management strategy is used to make organization more effective and to engage every employee in development of organization. So DERBY CITY COUNCIL has taken the importance of performance management very seriously as well. Performance management strategy make council to look for current status of their work, monitor for problems and issues arising, how to solve them and plans to implement their strategy. Performance management strategy is important to DERBY CITY COUNCIL for number of reasons. Improving Services Council is always here to improve services for people. So thats why performance management strategy is very important to council as they want to continuously improve services for people. They are focused on achieving right goals according to needs and expectations of local people and community. And their strategy helps them to look out their progress in achieving those goals and to look for any issues occurring in their current plans or not. And according to council their strategy is main key to improve their services continuously for people. Motivating staff For DERBY CITY COUNCIL their performance management strategy is not only to achieve goals like to improve services of people. For council effective management strategy is that which motivate their staff to understand them what is their role in this strategy, how much they are involved in achieving goals set by council for local people and whether their staff is getting fit into framework set by council to achieve their targets. Thats why council has described in their workforce Development Plan the scheme called Achievement and Development to stay connected with staff and promote their learning and to motivate them to fulfill their individual duties to achieve organizational goals. Meeting Government Expectations Performance management strategy is important to council because they want to meet government expectations. As performance assessment which is annual assessment by local authorities to measure performance or achievements of council in last year. So to meet government expectations performance management strategy is important to them. Demonstrating Value for Money Council tax is always concern for local residents, and they want to see that while council is doing or improving services for them or not. So this strategy is important to them to make a clear vision in local community about their value of money and council is continuously working for improvements. Purpose of Strategy For DERBY CITY COUNCIL, purpose of their performance management strategy is to Establish strong planning and performance framework to continuously improve services. To implement performance management system to measure performances of individuals and of organization. To achieve their set goals and targets. To be classified as four star council by meeting government expectations by continuously improving services for people. For DERBY CITY COUNCIL effective performance strategy not only requires good strategy but also organizational culture which supports this strategy by encouraging staff to improve their services. Performance Framework of DERBY CITY COUNCIL Their performance framework includes community strategy, corporate plan, business plans, team plans and individual plans. In framework council used community strategy to set the long term visions and targets for local community. Its a long term strategy to improve services which can be renewable. The Council corporate plan is to support community strategy how they will focus on continuous improvements and key actions to be taken for improvements. Business plans in performance framework are there to describe how each section of council work for improvements. Team plans will demonstrate employees to develop their understanding that how they will individually or in teams contribute for improvements. For council performance framework has to be clear, accurate and timely planned. What Council is Aiming to Achieve? Through their strategy council want to create an environment where every individual knows his/her contribution towards improving services and feel motivated and encouraged to manage their own performance effectively. Council Main Principles Council target is based on five principles which lead towards improvement. Balanced measurements For every process three elements are always important like inputs, outputs and outcomes. According to council as outcomes are always important for end users but they want balanced set of all measures means inputs, outputs and outcomes in their strategy to improve services. Strong Decision Making For council strong decision making is very important to them. As it is their one of main principle that decisions maker should be confident enough in information which he/she is using for decision making. They should use data of good quality to make decisions. The data or information which is used for decision making should be accurate, strong and relevant. Clear The performance information must be clear and should be accessible to all users. Goal Oriented Information should be goal oriented, focusing on key goals and targets to be achieved. Individual role Every individual must know his/her role in managing performance and key actions towards improvements. How Council will achieve his Vision? In this section council will deliver his strategy to achieve their goal. For council there are some sections which should be fulfilled to make their strategy successful. Role of Leader in Culture of Performance Management A performance management culture is climate or environment in which organization is working. Through performance management culture every employee and individual knows the values and vision of organization and their own roles to achieve those goals for organization. It encourages and motivates individuals to act in their role properly and perform their duties. As it is important for everyone to manage performance culture, but it should be lead by effective leader who has strong leadership skills. Like in performance framework of DERBY CITY COUNCIL there should be effective leader to lead corporate or business plans. Strong and confident leaders know what kind of performance is required and have ability to clearly communicate every individuals role towards improvement. They make clear to everyone that these areas are to be focused or improve and whose role is required or important in this issue. Advantages: Managers or leaders set clear goals and expectations across all employees which are continuously monitored. With performance measures there are continuous appraisals. DERBY CITY COUNCIL has culture where excellent performance is praised and shared across council. Clear Roles and Responsibilities To make their strategy effective council has described every individuals roles and responsibilities in their performance management strategy. Some roles are described below: Corporate Directors: Take operational responsibility of key actions to be done by council. They continuously review performances. They made actions required regarding data quality for decision making. They ensure that performance is under consideration in department. Performance Board: This board monitors that performance management strategy is implemented properly or not. Heads of Service They identify opportunities for improvement in strategy or performance management system. They monitor underperformance and their responsibility is to take necessary actions when required. Cabinet Their responsibility is to deliver council priorities. They review performance every three months and take actions if performance is not managed properly. They have also responsibility of measuring either value for money is achieved or not. Council Their role is to provide clear vision and to make corporate plan accordingly. They approve all budgets. They ensure every achievement. Audits and Accounts Their role is to maintain the internal environment controlled and managed. All Staff Know what their roles and contributions are required by council to achieve goals and improvement in services. They know what is vision of team in which they are working and what are the visions of stakeholders? What are their own personal goals and what they require to improve in themselves? Internal Audit They have to assess overall procedure implemented for producing performance management. They check procedures which are high risk. Advantages Everyone knows what performance framework is and know that improving services for local people is vision of council. Every member plays an important role in monitoring and managing performance management strategy. Continuous and Strong Performance Information System Council performance information is regularly used by group of people, employees, individuals and stakeholders. The Council use performance eye as main tool to analyze, collaborate and reporting performance information to all of them. The system is accessible to all staff so thats why information is clear to all staff. Advantages: Performance eye tool includes all visions of performance management including value for money. Wide use of performance eye tool by all members, employees and stakeholders. While developing performance eye data quality is taken seriously. Local people get informed about council performance and progress in achieving their goals. Continuous Assessment of Performance Measurement of performance honestly and actively is very important part of performance culture. Council has taken this point in consideration as well to take effective actions against underperformance, ensuring right actions to be done to bring performance back to action. Council considers their employees to be best source for their success and their development is necessary for councils future. It is very important to agreeing objectives with employees, giving them appraisals on their achievements and addressing their development needs in right and set path. Outcomes: Council continuously manages poor performers and rewards good performers and work for their development. Learning and Development Learning forms the basis of development of performance managed culture of organization. Here learning is about collecting information about what plans has worked and what has not worked. Organizational performance board is there to improve learning and to view which actions are necessary. Training and development is always important for exploring knowledge of every individual in every organization and at all levels. With performance management strategy a separate training plan is implemented as well in relation with performance for support and development of individuals. Outcomes: Sharing of knowledge and learning between all departments of council and other stakeholders. With help of different plan, more structured learning with performance management strategy. Main Steps in Delivering our Strategy Council has delivered their performance management strategy in the form of short term, medium term and long term goals. Short term Goals Short term goals are those goals which are to be achieved in 1 year or shorter period of time. Improved areas of underperformance through strict and strong action planning and benchmarking. Council does benchmarking to compare his results with successful results achieved by other same type of organizations. To look at their planning and way to achieve targets. Training of performance tools to all staff to improve performance managed culture. It is short term goal of council to train all staff to how to use performance tool to stable the culture of organization. Council wants to achieve this goal in short period of time to improve performance for community. Communication of performance information with local community. Council wants to achieve this target in of communicating its progress to local community, and to tell them how they are progressing, how they are working , how they are converting resources into improvement for community. So there should be clear and transparent communication with local community. Celebrating the achievements. Council wants to celebrate and wants to tell to local community that they are achieving their goals and proved increased performance. Medium Term Goals Medium term goals are goals which are to be achieved in period of 1 to 2 years. Review of performance eye It is target of council to review performance eye tool according to council and future needs. After review, if council requires further changings, needed to be done effectively. Improvements in Learning and Development Learning and development scheme should be reviewed half yearly or yearly to manage performance effectively. If performance management is not working effectively it can be due to no learning and development as well. So its council target to review their learning and development plan continuously. Long Term Goals Long term goals are those goals for council which they want to achieve in period of three years. Change to Performance Management System Implement changes to performance management system to work it more effectively and issues which has affected the performance management of organization. Changes to Individual Performance Council wants to implement changes to every individual performance to make them more effective for organization. It is a long term goal for council to check individual performance management to check who needs learning and development. Conclusion Performance management strategy is used to measure performance of individual, team and or organization as a whole as well. With the help of this strategy organizations measure how effectively their employees as individual working and how much efficient is organization working. With the help of performance management strategy Everyone came to know that how much they are contributing towards organizational goals and targets. Everyone ensures that what is organization expecting from them and they has skills and support to achieve this or not. Effective communication increases in organizations between all employees. Managers encourages individuals to do best they can and opportunities of learning and development. Performance management strategy of DERBY CITY COUNCIL has describes some main principles which are important for them in their strategy. They have given importance to: Being clear and transparent to your staff about what is performance. Understanding to employees how they can improve performance management culture. Every individual should be focused on his own contributions needed by organization. Decision maker should be confident and strong enough in decision making. Decision maker should have good quality of data. Recommendations As I have evaluated strategy of DERBY CITY COUNCIL. They have given every information about how they will implement their strategy and what are important key roles to them for effective strategy. One thing which seems wrong to me in their long term plan is about changing of individual performance in long term plans. In my point of view, individual performance should be monitored continuously and sudden plans should be implemented to change in their individuals performance. If they need some improvement learning and development plan should be applied effectively.

Hackers Good or Evil :: Essays Papers

Hackers Good or Evil Imagine this, you are driving along the road and suddenly you see something spectacular. Now imagine that you are not allowed to deviate from your course to check it out. This is what a so-called â€Å"hacker† faces. Just imagine that you saw an injured person on the side of the road. In this analogy you are not allowed to help the injured person. A hacker is not allowed to explore like everyone else in the world. A hacker is not allowed to help fix potential security holes. The term hacker can have many meanings. The most visible to the public is the person pirating software, and breaking into corporate networks and destroying information. This is the public misconception of a hacker. Back in the Unix days, a hack was simply a quick and dirty way of doing something. Hackers in those days were basically just computer experts. Nowadays hacker means the same thing as a cracker, a person who pirates software, and malicious hackers. The media, of course, never prints the good thin gs hackers do. Most hackers provide a service to companies, by letting the company know about security holes, before a rival exploits it. Most hackers want nothing more than to simply learn. A hacker has an extreme thirst for knowledge, but not in the traditional subjects. Technology, and anything new interest hackers. In fact most security experts start out but learning and â€Å"hacking†. The bad view of hackers is not completely false. There are hackers out there that will do there best to harm any system hey can, but most want nothing more than to find the beauty in system, or network. To hackers vast networks, and the inside of a firewall that was meant to keep them out, are the most beautiful sights on Earth. In every aspect of life there are people who exploit others. Murders, robbers, or any other criminals come from every walk of life. Even hackers have some, but like the general population, it is a small percentage. Most people would call the whole Linux community hackers, because anyone who has the knowledge to run Unix must be a hacker. This show what good hackers can do. The entire Unix GNU community is run by hackers. They all contribute toward a free operating system. They all work out the bugs, and then distribute it for free. Hackers got tired of paying for an OS that did not work well.

Justice Is Under Threat in the Risk Society’, Is Barbara Hudson Right to Argue This?

‘Justice is under threat in the risk society’, is Barbara Hudson right to argue this? In the UK the state advised what it expects of us and in response to this gives us laws that we are not legitimate to disobey. We currently live in a de facto and de jure state where no one else can take part in violence apart from the state when needed, and the laws are seen as just. From the seventeenth century to the late twentieth century there has been a change in society creating a modernist era which saw the ending of feudalism and the devotement of capitalism. Hudson, 2003:3) This period saw changes in the way individuals lived their lives and viewed the world; there were political changes and systems of punishment. The changes stirred ‘political, moral and legal philosophy – the fields at whose intersection we find justice. ’(Hudson, 2003:3) This essay will highlight the reasons why Barbara Hudson is right to argue that justice is under threat in the risk so ciety. It will first outline Kant’s and Rawls’s theory of justice and it will then look at what risk society is.Finally it will compare if justice and the risk society are compatible using DSPD as a case study. Immanuel Kant was an enlightenment philosopher in utilitarian liberalism. He had many theories what justice is and what this means and theories on how this affected punishment. He used the devolvement of enlightenment to search for the measure of justice, whereby humans are seen as rational and capable of analysis and decision making. (Hudson, 2003:5) Previously issues for justice for liberal democracies had been about the distribution of material and social goods. Hudson, 2003:6) However, for Kant his theory of justice revolved around the idea of individual freedom and equal freedom for all. He believes as we are all rational and capable of making are own decisions that we can all abide by the moral law. Kant’s moral philosophy is based on what he calls the categorical imperative, where he says ‘Always act in such a way that you can also will that the maxim of your action should become a universal law’ (Kant, 1987:2) Meaning that you should treat people as you would want to be treated, and not to an end to a means, if we do not treat people as equal then there is no justice.Rawls was a contemporary liberalist who was a student of Kant’s who looked to an alternative to utilitarianism in his theory of justice. (Kymlicka, 2002:53) His approach was intuitionism theory which he said had two features, that they consist of plurality of first principles and that they include no explicit methods and we are simply to strike a balance by intuition to what seems right. (Kymlicka, 2002:54) Rawls had two principles of justice; the first was that ‘each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others. (Kymlicka, 2002:56) He sta tes when making decisions we should mentally put ourselves behind a veil of ignorance for all members of society to agree, as this would lead everyone in society to be treated more fairly as they would not know where in society they would be placed therefore limiting their risk. This way you could distribute goods completely fair without discriminating against anyone and by doing so you would end up with a system in which you would make sure the worst off are as well of as possible as we would not know which group we were going to be in; the rich or the poor group of society. Baggini, 2005:29) Rawl’s second principle of justice are that social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that , they are to be the greatest benefit to the least advantaged members of the society and offices and positions must be open to everyone under conditions of fair equality of opportunity. Therefore since there will be always discrepancies, members of society would agree to take part as again they would not know which group of society they fall into and by removing all inequalities to which disadvantage someone thus creating a more just society.Thus for Rawl’s, justice equals fairness and fairness equals proportionality. Risk Society theory was developed to claim why and how society is changing. Becks and Glidden’s contended they have been changes in how society works and suggest that we are now living in a society of risk. Risk society is not suggesting that we live in a world with more risk but that our perception of risk has become a key factor in our organising principle. Cited in Hudson, Ericson and Carriere say ‘We now live in a risk society; there is a drift in the public agenda away from economic inequality to the distribution and control of risks. (Hudson, 2003:43)There are seven key concepts to the risk society; Modernity, Late Modernity, Reflexive modernisation, Manufactured uncertainty, Actuarialism, Risk distribution and Individuali sm. Late Modernity is the term used in the contemporary era showing the transformations in societies whereby there has been shift towards capitalist economies and globalisation rather than welfare approach. With late modernity you are able to look back at what had been done and use this to help you predict how to change in the future to limit your risk. Denny, 2005:28) Reflexive modernisation and manufactured uncertainty was a concept developed by Becks and Giddens who are key risk society theorists. They explain that with development of technology, this has created new and different risk and the technology we have makes us more aware of the potential risk, as the media is no longer just in the form of newspapers and television, we have access on computers and even mobile phones therefore we are able to see and hear potential risks 24 hours a day. Adam et al, 2000:168) However, because we have made this risk with the devolvement of technology then we are able to understand it better and assume we can measure them. They apply the concept of Actualarism that categorise populations according to risk, with this concept we can measure the risk and the likelihood of them happening and by doing this we can take steps in reducing and avoiding these risks. A fundamental concept in the risk society is that to avoid risk we can distribute the risk which is part of neo-liberalism.This can be seen to be used in everyday life with car insurance companies who charge an individual more money in according to the risk they pose whilst driving . Risk has become a fundamentally commodity in a capitalist society. Risk society means that risk thinking has become normalised for individuals in everyday life, every decision we make we think about the risk connected to it. The rise of individualism has seen that individuals will purchase the best risk protection they can without thinking about the weaker person in society.Hudson states that we now fear crime from one another and becaus e of this we want people who threaten us to be removed from our environment to eliminate the risk, this has been a contributing factor to why society has become more punitive. (Hudson, 2003:45) In the risk society governance is directed at the provision of security and experience of security usually rests on a balance of trust and acceptable risk in the form of guarantees and predictability. These risks become objectified negative images of utopias where people are no longer concerned with obtaining the good but rather, preventing the worst.A key question for liberal theorists is how much liberty should be traded for the level of security. In today’s society the state controls and governs the way in which we live our lives. Society has handed over the power to the state through a social contract whereby we give up some of our liberty in the hope the government are able to protect us from potential risks. One of the effects of this is that we let the government control how the y punish offenders.Bentham and Kant, two unitlitarists held different views on Punishment, For Bentham he said it is inherently bad, Bentham, a ulitarian and theorist for punishment stated, cited in Ashworth ‘that moral actions are those that produce the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. ’(Ashworth, 2010:79) ‘Therefore to justify punishment we must do so by showing its utility. However Kant thought that punishment was good and there was a duty that the offender got their just deserts through his principle of equality. (Duff and Garland, 1994; 141) The reason for punishing must serve as a justification for that punishment.The just dessert model means that you should get the punishment you deserve by receiving a sentence that it is proportionate to the offence you have committed. (Scott, 2008, 199) Indeterminate sentencing which is associated with utilitarianism is linked to the risk society and justice, as because they believe we can measure risk they think we can make predictions for future crimes. However, by punishing someone for a crime they have done this in turn will help reduce crime in the belief that fear will stop others from committing the same crime. Honderich, 2006:26-27) However, it is immoral and there is no justice to give someone a harsher sentence and make an example of them in the hope of helping to deter others from the same crime. Hirsch’s study found that harsher sentences do not deter others and reduce crime rate. (Hirsch, 1999:3) Indeterminate sentences transgress the reason and justification for punishment, by admitting guilt for the initial offence they assume they are guilty of reoffending therefore are given longer prison sentences for the good of society this cannot be just..A problem for justice when punishing an offender is the need to address justice for whom; the offender or victim, what constitutes justice for the victim will not mean justice for the offender there will always be a p roblem balancing the two. Risk management is linked to the decision making and minimising harm, it seeks to predict the outcome and the potential for harm. (Denny,:119) With this acutalarisms approach to risk assessment disappears and gives rise to false positives.False positives are when an individual is wrongly predicted as being likely to reoffend; these people would not have offended if they were free. (Scott, 2008:24) Since society has become more aware of risks there is more pressure for the Criminal Justice System and Government to limit these risks. This can be seen in Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder Act. DSPD is a disease that the government made up to so they could incarcerate people who had this illness as they believe they pose a risk to society The emergence of psychosocial diagnoses reflected the prevalence of medicalization. by saying it’s a medical problem they are saying there is something wrong with the individual rather than society. When an indiv idual is diagnosed with DSPD they are not sent to a mental hospital, they are placed in units in high security prisons even if they have not committed an offence. (Corbett and Westwood, 2005:122) There is mandatory incarceration, and you are asked to volunteer for cognitive skills programmes to treat the disorder, however if you don’t volunteer then you will not be released although even if you do volunteer you may never be released.However, many clinicians believe that it cannot be treated and that they are more likely to be a danger to themselves than to others. (Scott, 2008:117). DSPD cause a great deal of controversy as it has no legal or medical base many say this disorder does not exist and the government have only put it in place as they think these individuals pose a risk to society, this demonises sections of the population. (Hirsch et al, 2009:155) DSPD manifests Becks analysis of the risk society and the approaches to understanding the notion of risk.Any person dia gnosed with this the ‘risk society’ may constitute them as unmanageable, ‘such that increasingly complex systems of rational control are required to ensure future public safety. ’(Corbett and Westwood, 2005:125) DSPD highlights one of the reasons why justice is not compatible in the risk society, it is not just to incarcerate someone because they have an illness, and it goes against Rawls and Kant’s principle of justice. As we now live in a risk society it is more difficult have justice for all.There is a belief that we can assess how dangerous a person is, not only on past events but even if they have a medical illness as society thinks they can measure and predict risk. As society demands more security from risks, the government has had to undermine justice as there is more demand for those who threaten our security to be brought to justice. Hudson states that ‘liberal theories leave unanswered the question how much liberty maybe curtailed to prevent how much harm. ’(Hudson, 2003:205) If society demands more security from risk they would have less liberty.If society was to use Rawls principle of the veil of ignorance then they would be less likely to ask for more security as they would not now what position they would be in. The demand for justice and security conflicts with each other , the discourse of risk requires indeterminate sentencing and stands in the way of justice and the government need to appear to make the world less dangerous and the fairness and rights of the offender is put aside, as the elimination of risk is deemed to be more important.The equal balance of justice and risk cannot happen as by having justice for one person maybe creating a risk for another and vice versa and in today’s society there is more emphasis on control of risk. The risk society is fundamentally taking away the values of liberal society by using people as a means to an end, by the elimination fairness and proportio nality. The explosion of risk-focused technologies has been a contributing factor to the risk society as we are now more aware of risks and as we have developed them we believe we can measure them and predict them although this not always correct which means that there is no justice for all.Justice is thus a state of relationships which brings about equilibrium in the free exercise of will but this does not happen in a risk society as it threatens the definition of justice. To legitimise the state and governments actions they create more risk as a state in fear is an easier one to control. Hudson has highlight that towards the end of the 20th Century they was a move from risk management to risk control and it is now embedded in our society. Hudson,2003:60) As we can see from the issues highlighted it is inevitable that Barbara Hudson is correct to say that justice is under threat in the risk society. Bibliography Denney. D (2005) Risk and Society, London, Sage Scott. D (2008) Penolo gy, London, Sage Duff. A, Garland. D (1994) A reader on Punishment, Oxford, Oxford University Press Von Hirsch. A, Ashworth. A, Roberts. J (2009) Principled Sentencing readings on theory and practice, North America, Hart Publishing Kymlicka. W (2002) Contemporary Political Philosophy, Oxford, Oxford University Press O’Neill.O (2000) Bounds of Justice, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press Cudworth. E, Hall. T, McGoverm. J (2007) The Modern State, Theories and Ideologies, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press Baggini. J (2005) The Pig That Wants to Be Eaten: And Ninety-Nine Other Thought Experiments, London, Granta Publications Adam, Beck, Van Loon, (2000) The Risk Society and Beyond, Critical Issues for Social Theo Ashworth, A, (2010) Sentencing and Criminal Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Pressry, London, Sage Honderich, T (2006) Punishment, London: Pluto PressHirsch, V (1999) Criminal deterrence and sentence severity: an analysis of recent research, London: Sage Hu dson, B (2003) Justice in the Risk Society, London, Sage Kant. I (1987) The Metaphysical Elements of Justice, New York, Macmillan Publishing Corbett. K, Westwood. T Dangerous and severe personality disorder’: A psychiatric manifestation of the risk society, Critical Public Health,;15(2): 121–133

Short Essay on Racism

t ein the film and begins the movies â€Å"depiction of Arab culture with a decidedly racist tone† (Giroux, 104). An Arab merchant sings the lyrics: â€Å"Oh I come from a land/From a faraway place/Where the caravan camels roam. /Where they cut off your ears/If they don’t like your face. /It’s barbaric, but hey, its home† (Giroux, 104). The message that is given right at the beginning of the film is that the Middle East is a desolate wasteland where the justice system runs on a simple limb-removal policy. These words caused an uproar in Arab countries and the lyrics were later changed to: â€Å"Where it’s flat and immense/ And the heat is intense† which replaced the original verse, â€Å"Where they cut of your ear/ If they don’t like your face† (Giroux, 105). Not only were these lyrics violent but they were truly an example of the worst kind of racism. Aladdin depicts the Arabic world and its people as exotic, humorous, and violent. The American cartoon portrays all Arab men as either street thugs,†¦ n the film and begins the movies â€Å"depiction of Arab culture with a decidedly racist tone† (Giroux, 104). An Arab merchant sings the lyrics: â€Å"Oh I come from a land/From a faraway place/Where the caravan camels roam. /Where they cut off your ears/If they don’t like your face. /It’s barbaric, but hey, its home† (Giroux, 104). The message that is given right at the beginning of the film is that the Middle East is a desolat e wasteland where the justice system runs on a simple limb-removal policy. These words caused an uproar in Arab countries and the lyrics were later changed to: â€Å"Where it’s flat and immense/ And the heat is intense† which replaced the original verse, â€Å"Where they cut of your ear/ If they don’t like your face† (Giroux, 105). Not only were these lyrics violent but they were truly an example of the worst kind of racism. Aladdin depicts the Arabic world and its people as exotic, humorous, and violent. The American cartoon portrays all Arab men as either street thugs,†¦